El neurólogo brasileño Sidarta Ribeiro, doctorado en comportamiento animal, cuenta que durante sus estudios en EEUU vivió una crisis personal cercana a la neurosis que le impedía estudiar, relacionarse con sus compañeros de universidad y comprender el idioma. Asegura que en el peor momento de este episodio su cuerpo lo obligó a dormir hasta 16 horas diarias durante tres meses. Al final de esta “cura de sueño”, asegura, vivió una verdadera “metamorfosis cognitiva”.
“El rebote fue impresionante: recuperé toda la atención, hice un montón de amigos, incluso hice un hallazgo científico que fue el centro de mi tesis. Todas las cosas que no funcionaban de pronto se armonizaron, con mucha energía positiva, fue la mejor etapa de mi vida“, agrega en esta entrevista cedida a La Tercera.
Por entonces se inspiró para estudiar la utilidad práctica y biológica del sueño. Un área poco explorada que solo había considerado los mecanismos que inducen el sueño y alguna pseudociencia referida a la interpretación de los sueños a partir de los trabajos de Freud. “Las conclusiones de Freud se ligan con la neurociencia a través de mecanismos, proteínas, circuitos, partes del cerebro. En ese momento me di cuenta de que este camino merece una vida de investigación”, señala el autor de “El oráculo de la noche”, su libro sobre la historia de la ciencia del sueño y los nuevos hallazgos sobre este campo investigativo que busca responder por qué y para qué soñamos.
Su tesis considera el sueño como una respuesta evolutiva, la creación de situaciones virtuales que preparan al ser humano para la vigilia. A su vez, cumple funciones terapéuticas, incide en los mecanismos cognitivos y guarda un vínculo profundo con el deseo y las capacidades creativas. Esta capacidad de crear historias e imágenes oníricas habría sido esencial en la evolución de la especie.
“El sueño fue nuestro farol hacia el futuro desde el principio de la evolución de los mamíferos hasta muy recientemente. Un simulador de contrafactuales, cómo sería si tal cosa pasara, y eso es algo que dio a los mamíferos una ventaja evolutiva. En los humanos la novedad es la posibilidad de narrar el sueño. Cuando el lenguaje permite compartir contenido mental, permite compartir sueños y devaneos, es el momento de reestructuración de memorias y es lo que te impulsa al futuro colectivamente”, advierte.
Agrega que evidencia de esta herramienta creativa es la presencia de textos sobre los sueños escritos antiguos de Sumeria, Babilonia, la Torá o la Biblia. “El sueño fue el engranaje cognitivo que nos permitió cambiar el futuro, simulando futuros posibles, permitiendo la creación de modelos del mundo que se van a convertir en magia, religión, filosofía y ciencia”, señala el neurólogo.
Desde un punto de vista biológico, dormir permite el mantenimiento del andamio mental, la desintoxicación del cuerpo, el control hormonal y la separación de las memorias; elimina memorias, consolida otras y mezcla o reestructura recuerdos. Todo esto durante la etapa del sueño REM, es decir, la etapa en que soñamos. “El sueño es esencial, porque nos permite sumergirnos profundamente en los subterráneos de la conciencia. En este estado experimentamos una amalgama de emociones, algo como una frazada hecha de retazos de emotividad”.
El autor explica que el valor de los sueños históricamente ha sido relevante como “un farol hacia el futuro” y radar de las influencias subliminales del soñante, pero a un nivel metafórico, muy indirecto y que utilizaron machis, médicos, poetas, escritores y algunos científicos, pero que al fin de la Edad Media, cuando comienza la era de la navegación, la ciencia que nace muy unida al capitalismo desplaza al sueño como algo irrelevante.
A fines del siglo XX, las propuestas freudianas sobre la asociación libre y consciente del significado de los sueños comenzaron a ser consideradas de nuevo por la ciencia. “El deseo es el motor del sueño, planteaba Freud. Hoy la neurociencia lo respalda”, dice el autor, quien rescata el aporte de estas disciplinas a otras nuevas como el desarrollo de la inteligencia artificial, por ejemplo.
Un ensayo para el día siguiente
A través de una larga búsqueda ha ido tomando cuerpo una teoría general del sueño, cree Ribeiro sobre conceptos que concilia pasado y futuro para explicar la función del sueño como una herramienta crucial de supervivencia en el presente, señala sobre una función prospectiva del sueño según Carl Jung, dice: “El sueño tendría una función prospectiva: es la anticipación en el inconsciente de conquistas conscientes futuras, algo así como un ejercicio preliminar o bosquejo, o un plan anticipado. Es decir, el sueño prepara a la persona que sueña para el día siguiente”.
Desde este espacio, recomienda Ribeiro, es posible pasar también a experimentar con los llamados sueños lúcidos donde hay un control parcial o total control de lo que está pasando en el sueño. “Uno sale de la posición de ser un actor de una película de guion desconocido y pasar a ser el guionista o el director. Puede generar experiencias muy lindas de volar, de visitar ancestros, son la expresión del inmenso baúl de recuerdos de la mente. Y, acaso, pueden llevar a explorar y desarrollar nuevos niveles de conciencia”, describe.
“Hoy estudiamos sueños de niños en la escuela, mostramos que es importante dormir en la escuela, se aprende mejor. Estamos estudiando sueños de pacientes sicóticos para ayudar al diagnóstico; hay muchas cosas que se pueden aprender a partir de los sueños”, cuenta. Propone, finalmente un rol político del sueño: volver a los sueños, reaprender el arte de soñar, para reaprender a soñar con una intención de cambio colectivo.
Ribeiro es vicedirector del Instituto del Cerebro de la Universidad Federal de Río Grande del Norte, en Brasil e investigador del centro para la Innovación y Difusión en Neuromatemáticas.
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