Una de las principales discusiones del Congreso Mundial del Sueño 2022, realizado en Roma a mediados de este mes, abordó la pertinencia de los cambios de hora en verano e invierno como herencia de la sociedad industrial y como el anverso de la moneda evolutiva en términos de la salud del sueño.
Evolutivamente, durante cientos de miles de años, el ser humano ha alineado su vida y funcionamiento en torno a un tiempo estándar, la luz solar que limita su jornada y sus respectivos ciclos circadianos naturales. Tiempo para dormir, para la cacería, el cultivo, labores agrícolas, culturales y cotidianas se ajustaron de acuerdo a las estaciones del año y las zonas del planeta donde se han desarrollado sus actividades. Hasta que en 1905 Benjamín Franklin planteó adelantar los relojes progresivamente 20 minutos cada domingo de abril para ganar -desde marzo- 80 minutos de luz en las tardes del verano. La operación se invertía los domingos de septiembre para retornar al horario de invierno boreal.
Desde entonces, ¿qué efectos documentados ha generado interferir en el reloj biológico natural del sapiens?. En el caso del cambio de horario vía secretaría, la falta de luz solar matutina o por la tarde puede provocar trastornos metabólicos y de privación del sueño, depresión y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Centros de cuidado del sueño han declarado, precisamente a la privación del sueño como una endemia nacional en EE.UU. en 2014.
Contrariamente a lo que se cree, el efecto de una hora menos o más de sueño en el cuerpo se extiende más allá de la primera semana del cambio al generar una desalineación circadiana crónica. Los efectos sociales de este tipo de fatiga del sueño sigue siendo una alta accidentabilidad, irritabilidad y falta de coordinación que conlleva a situaciones difíciles de abarcar completamente.
¿A quienes afecta y favorece un cambio horario?
A la vez, el argumento de que los cambios de hora planteados por los gobiernos inciden favorablemente en el ahorro energético, en “aprovechar la luz solar” y la vida social, se desacreditan respecto a mayores gastos en combustible para calefacción o aire acondicionado, según el caso; también en alimentación y energía asociada a más horas despiertos, transporte y otras contingencias propias de una sociedad industrial que extiende la vida en vigilia más allá del ritmo biológico del ser humano. Algunos investigaciones, incluso, vinculan un mayor costo humano, de salud mental y económico de los cambios de horario en la población más vulnerable económicamente. Clases trabajadoras y grupos sociales afectados en labores de servicios que, en promedio, duermen 20 minutos menos por adecuarse a los cambios de horario de sus empleadores e industrias. Citan el caso de temporeros agrícolas, operarios de fábricas en turnos y otras faenas de servicios.
¿Quienes se ven favorecidos?. Un artículo del Boston Globe que advierte sobre la necesidad de fijar un solo horario definitivo en EE.UU. a partir del 2023, ironiza con el fuerte lobby de quienes recomiendan al Congreso mantener los cambios horarios permanentemente: la industria de los dulces que facturan millones de dólares más con una hora más de luz de día para Halloween, los circuitos de golf y los productores de combustible, entre otros.
La doctora Phyllis C. Zee, neuróloga y directora del Centro de Medicina Circadiana y del Sueño (CCSM) quien expuso en el Congreso Mundial del Sueño sobre las últimas investigaciones sobre cronomedicina y ciclo circadiano ha señalado: “La ciencia ha evolucionado durante la última década para mostrar que la transición entre horarios se asocia a consecuencias adversas para la salud. La gran pregunta sobre la mesa en este momento es, ¿debería ser el horario estándar permanente o el horario de verano permanente?”
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