- Disminución del nivel de oxígeno
- Apnea obstructiva del sueño
- Apnea central del sueño
- Síndrome de apnea del sueño compleja
La apnea del sueño es un trastorno del sueño, relativamente grave en el que hombres y mujeres presentan pausas repetidas en las que se obstruye parcial o completamente la respiración a lo largo del descanso. El Sindrome de Apnea/Hipopnea Obstructiva del Sueño (SAHOS) se reconoce generalmente cuando tras una noche completa de sueño, la persona despierta tan o más agotada que cuando se fue a la cama. Suele estar acompañada de dolores de cabeza intensos, cambios de humor, alteraciones del peso y despertares sorpresivos y agitados con episodios de hipoxia (ahogamiento) que, en el tiempo, pueden derivar en enfermedades cardíacas y neurodegenerativas.
La disminución del nivel de oxígeno en la sangre que se experimenta durante los episodios de apnea del sueño envía al cerebro la señal de alerta que ejecuta la orden al cuerpo de despertar las veces necesarias durante la noche. Estos “microdespertares” pueden ocurrir entre 5 o 30 veces por hora y, aunque, suelen ser imperceptibles, su consecuencia será una sensación de descanso incompleto por la mañana que acompañará a la persona durante todo el día.
La causa es que este patrón de sueño impide alcanzar etapas fundamentales del descanso profundo, conocidas como “el sueño reparador”. Por ejemplo, la etapa de sueño REM que es cuando se producen los sueños o cuando se fragua la memoria de largo plazo. Existen tres tipos de apnea del sueño clasificadas según su origen:
Apnea obstructiva del sueño
Es la más común y que tiene lugar cuando los músculos de la vía aérea se relajan y construyen el paso del aire.
Apnea central del sueño
Es la que ocurre cuando las señales entre cerebro y músculos que controlan la respiración se interrumpen o funcionan adecuadamente.
Síndrome de apnea del sueño compleja
Es la que tiene lugar como resultado de ambos cuadros anteriores simultáneamente.
Actualmente existe tratamiento para cada caso y sus complejidades. La recomendación principal es consultar con el médico o directamente en las diversas alternativas locales de clínicas y centros del sueño.
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