Apnea del sueñoSalud del sueño

Causas y síntomas de la apnea obstructiva del sueño

Un síntoma inequívoco de apnea del sueño son las largas pausas sin respirar durante la noche seguidas de un ronquido fuerte y persistente que, incluso, llega a despertar al obstruido y quienes le rodean y son los que, finalmente, reportan esta situación.

  • Despertar con la vía aérea y la boca totalmente secas
  • Jaquecas matinales producto de la falta de oxigenación
  • Problemas para conciliar el sueño y sensación diurna de somnolencia extrema
  • Gran dificultad para mantener la atención durante el día
  • Irritabilidad y cambios de humor. Algunos de estos síntomas inciden o pueden ser confundidos con depresión.

Dentro de las causas que provocan esta obstrucción al paso del aire durante el sueño, el principal suele ocurrir cuando los tejidos blandos de la garganta, ubicados en la parte posterior del cuello, se relajan durante el dormir y reducen la vía camino a los pulmones estrechando, e incluso cerrando, la zona que debiese estar despejada. Entre estos tejidos se cuentan los músculos que sostienen el paladar blando, la porción triangular formada por la úvula, las amígdalas, las paredes laterales de la garganta y la lengua. La relajación de estos músculos es propia del dormir, pero también es perceptible cuando la persona se recuesta de espaldas, ha consumido alcohol o algunos medicamentos como relajantes musculares u otras drogas.

También se señala al sobrepeso y la obesidad como una causa directa de la apnea del sueño que aumenta el riesgo de padecer este síndrome debido a la acumulación de grasa en torno a la vía respiratoria superior. En este aspecto se inscribe también tener una amplia circunferencia del cuello que conlleva una garganta más estrecha. Este factor puede tener mucho que ver con la obesidad, pero también con rasgos genéticos en personas sin sobrepeso, generalmente niños.

Por otra parte, se registra mayor prevalencia de apnea del sueño en hombres respecto de las mujeres. Esto, en una razón de dos a tres veces más propensión entre ambos géneros. La cuota se equipara cuando se trata de hombres o mujeres con sobrepeso.

Otras causas reportadas de aparición del síndrome de apnea del sueño incluyen la edad (tener sobre 60 años), antecedentes familiares de esta enfermedad, hipertensión arterial, diabetes tipo 2, la enfermedad de Parkinson, el tabaquismo, el consumo de alcohol, sedantes o tranquilizantes. También hay factores estacionales como las alergias, la congestión nasal y problemas anatómicos como el tabique desviado. El riesgo de sufrir apneas del sueño suma, en cierta medida, desórdenes hormonales como el síndrome de ovario poliquístico, accidentes cerebrovasculares y enfermedades pulmonares crónicas como el asma.

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