“Sleep quality in chilean professional soccer players” se llama la investigación de académicos de la Universidad de las Américas y la Universidad Mayor que hizo seguimiento a los hábitos de sueño de 94 futbolistas chilenos de 4 clubes profesionales: Unión Española, Palestino, Universidad de Chile, Deportes Antofagasta.
Desde el conocimiento publicado sobre el efecto positivo que la buena calidad del sueño tiene en el rendimiento físico, el equipo formado por los investigadores Álvaro Huerta, Guillermo Barahona, y Carlos Jorquera, abordó un área poco explorada en el desempeño futbolístico profesional. Uno donde pesan diversos estigmas asociados al mal dormir, creen “Nosotros siempre pensamos que la calidad de sueño de los futbolistas no era muy buena y que no se tenía controlada esa variable. Esto tiene que ver mucho con un prejuicio que tenemos hacia este deporte”, explica Huerta.
El resultado del estudio demuestra que los futbolistas profesionales chilenos presentan buena calidad de sueño y que no hay diferencias significativas entre los clubes evaluados. Sin embargo se detectaron valores elevados de “latencia del sueño” (el espacio entre que la persona se acuesta y se duerme) que, agrega el paper, debe ser trabajado por el equipo multidisciplinar de cada club profesional. Como conclusión general, la investigación recomienda a los clubes desarrollar estrategias para mejorar la higiene del sueño de sus jugadores, fomentar un buen descanso nocturno y actuar a nivel terapéutico para lograr una conciliación del sueño eficiente.
Huerta, agrega que, sobre futbolistas, a nivel global se han estudiado ampliamente aspectos específicos sobre capacidad física, entrenamiento, alimentación, hidratación, etc., pero a nivel local no existen estudios de base científica. “Cuando vemos a deportistas de alto nivel como los futbolistas, también se debe considerar la calidad de sueño. Esta calidad del sueño está ligada al tiempo de sueño y el tiempo de latencia (espacio entre que la persona se acuesta y se duerme). Estos dos elementos son condicionantes para el rendimiento físico y deportivo no solo de los futbolistas sino que también de todos los deportistas”, sostiene y advierte, finalmente, sobre la importancia de monitorear la carga de entrenamiento, los períodos de descanso con la misma relevancia con que se cuida la alimentación o la hidratación de estos atletas.
El académico del Grupo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte (ISAFYD) de la Universidad de Las Américas, Guillermo Barahona, es coautor de este informe. Recuerda que hace unos años se publicó un estudio similar sobre la liga de fútbol de Quatar que registraba que un 68% de la muestra tenia una mala calidad de sueño lo que permitía asociarla a un estilo de vida nocturno y bohemio. “Dentro de estos datos y otras mitologías, se podría hipotetizar que los futbolistas chilenos, en general, tienen un mala calidad del sueño producto de una vida nocturna agitada o algo irresponsable. Pero ese es un prejuicio que persiste en la sociedad en el que, por el mal actuar de algunos, se considera a todos iguales. A lo largo de esta investigación los sujetos de estudio demostraron una buena calidad del sueño que no concuerda con un estilo de vida nocturno que nos haga pensar otra cosa“, dice Barahona considerando que se trata de una muestra bastante representativa de 4 clubes grandes de todo el país.
El experto en biomedicina reitera que la principal evidencia científica sobre cómo el deporte influye positivamente en el buen dormir, cuenta con indagaciones sobre algunos deportes de resistencia o aeróbicos que mejoran cuando hay mayores horas de sueño previo, como en el caso del básquetbol. Curiosamente, disciplinas como la halterofilia, donde se le quitaron 24 horas de sueño a los levantadores de pesas, no demostraron una disminución del rendimiento.
En el caso de los futbolistas, cree el investigador, es posible marcar diferencias entre un deportista bueno y uno excelente a partir del descanso óptimo y variables que son parte del “entrenamiento invisible”, acciones que no son supervisables por el entrenador como la alimentación, la hidratación o las horas de sueño. “Ya sabemos que una buena calidad de sueño influye en el rendimiento deportivo de los atletas y deportistas, ¿pero qué pasa con los no deportistas?, ¿con trabajadores/as, estudiantes o dueños/as de casa?. Es muy necesario generar conciencia de esto no sólo a nivel deportivo, sino dejar algo para la sociedad donde el rendimiento y las exigencias no son muy distintas a una competición. En lo cotidiano el sueño es una necesidad biológica y fisiológica básica del ser humano para su funcionamiento interno”, destaca Barahona.
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